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TL431

型号：

TL431

描述：

可调式精密并联稳压器[ ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS ]

品牌：

TI[ TEXAS INSTRUMENTS ]

页数：

19 页

PDF大小：

279 K

下载PDF手册
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
D PACKAGE  
(TOP VIEW)  
Equivalent Full-Range Temperature  
Coefficient . . . 30 ppm/°C  
0.2-Ω Typical Output Impedance  
Sink-Current Capability . . . 1 mA to 100 mA  
Low Output Noise  
CATHODE  
ANODE  
ANODE  
NC  
REF  
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
ANODE  
ANODE  
NC  
Adjustable Output Voltage . . . V to 36 V  
ref  
Available in a Wide Range of High-Density  
Packages  
P OR PW PACKAGE  
(TOP VIEW)  
description  
CATHODE  
NC  
REF  
NC  
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
The TL431 and TL431A are three-terminal  
adjustable shunt regulators with specified thermal  
stability over applicable automotive, commercial,  
and military temperature ranges. The output  
NC  
ANODE  
NC  
NC  
voltage can be set to any value between V  
ref  
NC – No internal connection  
(approximately 2.5 V) and 36 V with two external  
resistors (see Figure 17). These devices have a  
typical output impedance of 0.2 Ω. Active output  
PK PACKAGE  
(TOP VIEW)  
circuitry provides  
a
very sharp turn-on  
characteristic, making these devices excellent  
replacements for Zener diodes in many  
applications, such as onboard regulation,  
adjustable power supplies, and switching power  
supplies.  
REF ANODE CATHODE  
The TL431C and TL431AC are characterized for  
operation from 0°C to 70°C, and the TL431I and  
TL431AI are characterized for operation from  
–40°C to 85°C.  
LP PACKAGE  
(TOP VIEW)  
CATHODE  
ANODE  
REF  
KTP PACKAGE  
(TOP VIEW)  
CATHODE  
ANODE  
REF  
ANODE  
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of  
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.  
Copyright 1999, Texas Instruments Incorporated  
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date.  
Products conform to specifications per the terms of Texas Instruments  
standard warranty. Production processing does not necessarily include  
testing of all parameters.  
1
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
AVAILABLE OPTIONS  
PACKAGED DEVICES  
CHIP  
FORM  
(Y)  
PLASTIC  
FLANGE  
MOUNT  
(KTP)  
SHRINK  
SMALL  
OUTLINE  
(PW)  
SMALL  
OUTLINE  
(D)  
PLASTIC  
T
A
TO-226AA  
(LP)  
SOT-89  
(PK)  
DIP  
(P)  
TL431CD  
TL431ACD  
TL431CLP  
TL431ACLP  
TL431CP  
TL431ACP  
0°C to 70°C  
TL431CKTPR  
TL431CPK  
TL431IPK  
TL431CPW  
TL431Y  
TL431ID  
TL431AID  
TL431ILP  
TL431AILP  
TL431IP  
TL431AIP  
–40°C to 85°C  
The D and LP packages are available taped and reeled. The KTP and PK packages are only available taped and reeled. Add  
the suffix R to device type (e.g., TL431CDR). Chip forms are tested at T = 25°C.  
A
symbol  
REF  
ANODE  
CATHODE  
functional block diagram  
CATHODE  
+
_
REF  
V
ref  
ANODE  
†
equivalent schematic  
CATHODE  
800 Ω  
800 Ω  
20 pF  
REF  
150 Ω  
3.28 kΩ  
4 kΩ  
10 kΩ  
20 pF  
2.4 kΩ  
7.2 kΩ  
1 kΩ  
800 Ω  
ANODE  
†
All component values are nominal.  
2
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
†
absolute maximum ratings over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)  
Cathode voltage, V (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 V  
KA  
Continuous cathode current range, I  
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –100 mA to 150 mA  
KA  
Reference input current range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –50 µA to 10 mA  
Package thermal impedance, θ (see Notes 2 and 3): D package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97°C/W  
JA  
LP package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156°C/W  
KTP package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28°C/W  
P package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127°C/W  
PK package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52°C/W  
PW package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149°C/W  
Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds: D, P, or PW package . . . . . . . . . . . . 260°C  
Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 60 seconds: LP or PK package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300°C  
Storage temperature range, T  
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –65°C to 150°C  
stg  
†
Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and  
functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under “recommended operating conditions” is not  
implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.  
NOTES: 1. Voltage values are with respect to the anode terminal unless otherwise noted.  
2. Maximum power dissipation is a function of T (max), θ , and T . The maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable  
J
JA  
A
ambient temperature is P = (T (max) – T )/θ . Operating at the absolute maximum T of 150°C can impact reliability.  
D
J
A
JA  
J
3. The package thermal impedance is calculated in accordance with JESD 51, except for through-hole packages, which use a trace  
length of zero.  
recommended operating conditions  
MIN  
MAX  
36  
UNIT  
V
Cathode voltage, V  
KA  
V
ref  
Cathode current, I  
KA  
1
0
100  
70  
mA  
TL431C, TL431AC  
TL431I, TL431AI  
Operating free-air temperature range, T  
°C  
A
–40  
85  
3
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, T = 25°C (unless otherwise  
A
noted)  
TL431C  
TYP  
TEST  
CIRCUIT  
PARAMETER  
TEST CONDITIONS  
= 10 mA  
UNIT  
MIN  
MAX  
V
ref  
Reference voltage  
2
V
V
T
A
= V  
= V  
,
I
KA  
2440  
2495  
2550  
mV  
KA  
ref  
Deviation of reference voltage  
over full temperature range  
(see Figure 1)  
I
= 10 mA,  
KA  
ref, KA  
V
I(dev)  
2
4
25  
mV  
†
= full range  
∆V  
= 10 V – V  
ref  
–1.4  
–1  
2
–2.7  
–2  
4
Vref  
VKA  
Ratio of change in reference voltage  
to the change in cathode voltage  
KA  
mV  
V
3
3
I
= 10 mA  
KA  
∆V  
KA  
= 36 V – 10 V  
I
I
Reference current  
I
I
= 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞  
µA  
ref  
KA  
Deviation of reference current  
over full temperature range  
(see Figure 1)  
= 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞,  
KA  
3
0.4  
1.2  
µA  
I(dev)  
†
= full range  
T
A
Minimum cathode current  
for regulation  
I
I
2
4
1
V
V
= V  
ref  
0.4  
0.1  
0.2  
1
1
mA  
µA  
Ω
min  
KA  
Off-state cathode current  
= 36 V,  
V
= 0  
off  
KA  
ref  
I
= 1 mA to 100 mA, V  
= V ,  
ref  
KA  
f ≤ 1 kHz  
KA  
|z  
|
Dynamic impedance (see Figure 1)  
0.5  
KA  
†
Full range is 0°C to 70°C for the TL431C.  
The deviation parameters V  
and I  
are defined as the differences between the maximum and minimum  
ref(dev)  
ref(dev)  
values obtained over the recommended temperature range. The average full-range temperature coefficient of the  
reference voltage, α  
, is defined as:  
Vref  
Maximum V  
ref  
ref  
VI(dev  
)
6
10  
V
I(dev)  
V
at 25°C  
ref  
ppm  
Minimum V  
Vref  
°C  
T
A
∆T  
A
where:  
∆T is the recommended operating free-air temperature range of the device.  
A
α
can be positive or negative, depending on whether minimum V or maximum V , respectively, occurs at the  
ref ref  
Vref  
lower temperature.  
Example: maximum V = 2496 mV at 30°C, minimum V = 2492 mV at 0°C, V = 2495 mV at 25°C,  
ref  
ref  
ref  
∆T = 70°C for TL431C  
A
4 mV  
2495 mV  
6
10  
23 ppm °C  
Vref  
70°C  
Because minimum V occurs at the lower temperature, the coefficient is positive.  
ref  
Calculating Dynamic Impedance  
V
KA  
z
The dynamic impedance is defined as:  
KA  
I
KA  
When the device is operating with two external resistors (see Figure 3), the total dynamic impedance of the circuit  
is given by:  
V
I
R1  
R2  
| |  
z
z
1
KA  
Figure 1. Calculating Deviation Parameters and Dynamic Impedance  
4
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, T = 25°C (unless otherwise  
A
noted)  
TL431I  
TYP  
TEST  
CIRCUIT  
PARAMETER  
TEST CONDITIONS  
= 10 mA  
UNIT  
MIN  
MAX  
V
ref  
Reference voltage  
2
V
V
T
A
= V  
= V  
,
I
KA  
2440  
2495  
2550  
mV  
KA  
ref  
Deviation of reference voltage  
over full temperature range  
(see Figure 1)  
I
= 10 mA,  
KA  
ref, KA  
V
I(dev)  
2
5
50  
mV  
†
= full range  
∆V  
= 10 V – V  
ref  
–1.4  
–1  
2
–2.7  
–2  
4
Vref  
VKA  
Ratio of change in reference voltage  
to the change in cathode voltage  
KA  
mV  
V
3
3
I
= 10 mA  
KA  
∆V  
KA  
= 36 V – 10 V  
I
I
Reference current  
I
I
= 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞  
µA  
ref  
KA  
Deviation of reference current  
over full temperature range  
(see Figure 1)  
= 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞,  
KA  
3
0.8  
2.5  
µA  
I(dev)  
†
= full range  
T
A
Minimum cathode current for  
regulation  
I
I
2
4
2
V
V
= V  
ref  
0.4  
0.1  
0.2  
1
1
mA  
µA  
Ω
min  
KA  
Off-state cathode current  
= 36 V,  
V
= 0  
off  
KA  
ref  
I
= 1 mA to 100 mA, V  
= V ,  
ref  
KA  
f ≤ 1 kHz  
KA  
|z  
|
Dynamic impedance (see Figure 1)  
0.5  
KA  
†
Full range is –40°C to 85°C for the TL431I.  
electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, T = 25°C (unless otherwise  
A
noted)  
TL431AC  
TYP  
TEST  
CIRCUIT  
PARAMETER  
TEST CONDITIONS  
= 10 mA  
UNIT  
MIN  
MAX  
V
ref  
Reference voltage  
2
V
V
T
A
= V  
= V  
,
I
KA  
2470  
2495  
2520  
mV  
KA  
ref  
Deviation of reference voltage  
over full temperature range  
(see Figure 1)  
I
= 10 mA,  
KA  
ref, KA  
V
I(dev)  
2
4
25  
mV  
†
= full range  
∆V  
= 10 V – V  
ref  
–1.4  
–1  
2
–2.7  
–2  
4
Vref  
VKA  
Ratio of change in reference voltage  
to the change in cathode voltage  
KA  
mV  
V
3
3
I
= 10 mA  
KA  
∆V  
KA  
= 36 V – 10 V  
I
I
Reference current  
I
I
= 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞  
µA  
ref  
KA  
Deviation of reference current  
over full temperature range  
(see Figure 1)  
= 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞,  
KA  
3
0.8  
1.2  
µA  
I(dev)  
‡
= full range  
T
A
Minimum cathode current  
for regulation  
I
I
2
4
1
V
V
= V  
ref  
0.4  
0.1  
0.2  
0.6  
0.5  
0.5  
mA  
µA  
Ω
min  
KA  
Off-state cathode current  
= 36 V,  
V
= 0  
off  
KA  
ref  
I
= 1 mA to 100 mA, V  
= V ,  
ref  
KA  
f ≤ 1 kHz  
KA  
|z  
|
Dynamic impedance (see Figure 1)  
KA  
‡
Full range is 0°C to 70°C for the TL431AC.  
5
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, T = 25°C (unless otherwise  
A
noted)  
TL431AI  
TYP  
TEST  
CIRCUIT  
PARAMETER  
TEST CONDITIONS  
UNIT  
MIN  
MAX  
V
Reference voltage  
2
V
V
T
A
= V  
= V  
,
I
= 10 mA  
2470  
2495  
2520  
mV  
ref  
KA  
ref  
KA  
Deviation of reference voltage  
over full temperature range  
(see Figure 1)  
I
= 10 mA,  
KA  
ref, KA  
V
I(dev)  
2
5
50  
mV  
†
= full range  
∆V  
∆V  
= 10 V – V  
ref  
–1.4  
–1  
2
–2.7  
–2  
4
Ratio of change in reference voltage  
to the change in cathode voltage  
KA  
Vref  
VKA  
mV  
V
3
3
I
= 10 mA  
KA  
= 36 V – 10 V  
KA  
I
I
Reference current  
I
I
= 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞  
µA  
ref  
KA  
Deviation of reference current  
over full temperature range  
(see Figure 1)  
= 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞,  
KA  
3
0.8  
2.5  
µA  
I(dev)  
†
= full range  
T
A
Minimum cathode current  
for regulation  
I
I
2
4
2
V
V
= V  
ref  
0.4  
0.1  
0.2  
0.7  
0.5  
0.5  
mA  
µA  
Ω
min  
KA  
Off-state cathode current  
= 36 V,  
V
= 0  
off  
KA  
ref  
I
= 1 mA to 100 mA, V  
= V ,  
ref  
KA  
f ≤ 1 kHz  
KA  
|z  
|
Dynamic impedance (see Figure 1)  
KA  
†
Full range is –40°C to 85°C for the TL431AI.  
electrical characteristics over recommended operating conditions, T = 25°C (unless otherwise  
A
noted)  
TL431Y  
TYP  
2495  
–1.4  
–1  
TEST  
CIRCUIT  
PARAMETER  
TEST CONDITIONS  
UNIT  
MIN  
MAX  
V
Reference voltage  
2
3
V
= V  
,
I = 10 mA  
KA  
mV  
ref  
KA  
ref  
∆V  
= 10 V – V  
ref  
Vref  
VKA  
Ratio of change in reference voltage  
to the change in cathode voltage  
KA  
KA  
mV  
V
I
I
= 10 mA  
KA  
KA  
∆V  
= 36 V – 10 V  
I
I
I
Reference input current  
3
2
4
2
= 10 mA, R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = ∞  
2
µA  
mA  
µA  
Ω
ref  
Minimum cathode current  
for regulation  
V
KA  
= V  
ref  
0.4  
0.1  
0.2  
min  
off  
Off-state cathode current  
V
KA  
= 36 V,  
V
ref  
= 0  
I
= 1 mA to 100 mA, V  
= V ,  
ref  
KA  
f ≤ 1 kHz  
KA  
‡
Dynamic impedance  
|z  
|
KA  
‡
Calculating dynamic impedance:  
VKA  
IKA  
The dynamic impedance is defined as:  
zKA  
When the device is operating with two external resistors (see Figure 3), the total dynamic impedance of the circuit is given by:  
∆V  
∆I  
R1  
R2  
|z |  
|zKA| 1  
6
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION  
Input  
V
KA  
I
KA  
V
ref  
Figure 2. Test Circuit for V  
= V  
KA  
ref  
Input  
V
KA  
I
KA  
R1  
R2  
I
ref  
V
ref  
R1  
R2  
VKA  
Vref  
1
Iref R1  
Figure 3. Test Circuit for V  
> V  
KA  
ref  
Input  
V
KA  
I
off  
Figure 4. Test Circuit for I  
off  
7
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS  
Table 1. Graphs  
FIGURE  
Reference input voltage vs Free-air temperature  
5
6
Reference input current vs Free-air temperature  
Cathode current vs Cathode voltage  
7, 8  
9
Off-state cathode current vs Free-air temperature  
Ratio of delta reference voltage to change in cathode voltage vs Free-air temperature  
Equivalent input noise voltage vs Frequency  
Equivalent input noise voltage over a 10-second period  
Small-signal voltage amplification vs Frequency  
Reference impedance vs Frequency  
10  
11  
12  
13  
14  
15  
16  
Pulse response  
Stability boundary conditions  
Table 2. Application Circuits  
FIGURE  
Shunt regulator  
17  
18  
19  
20  
21  
22  
23  
24  
25  
26  
27  
28  
29  
Single-supply comparator with temperature-compensated threshold  
Precision high-current series regulator  
Output control of a three-terminal fixed regulator  
High-current shunt regulator  
Crowbar circuit  
Precision 5-V 1.5-A regulator  
Efficient 5-V precision regulator  
PWM converter with reference  
Voltage monitor  
Delay timer  
Precision current limiter  
Precision constant-current sink  
8
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
†
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS  
REFERENCE VOLTAGE  
vs  
REFERENCE CURRENT  
vs  
FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE  
2600  
2580  
2560  
2540  
FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE  
V
= V  
ref  
KA  
5
I
= 10 mA  
KA  
R1 = 10 kΩ  
‡
= 2550 mV  
V
ref  
R2 = ∞  
I
= 10 mA  
KA  
4
3
2
1
0
2520  
2500  
‡
= 2495 mV  
V
ref  
2480  
2460  
2440  
2420  
2400  
‡
= 2440 mV  
V
ref  
–75 –50 –25  
0
25  
50  
75  
100 125  
T
– Free-Air Temperature – °C  
A
–75 –50 –25  
0
25  
50  
75 100 125  
‡
Data is for devices having the indicated value of V at I  
= 10 mA,  
KA  
ref  
T
A
– Free-Air Temperature – °C  
T
= 25°C.  
A
Figure 5  
Figure 6  
CATHODE CURRENT  
vs  
CATHODE CURRENT  
vs  
CATHODE VOLTAGE  
CATHODE VOLTAGE  
150  
125  
100  
75  
800  
600  
400  
V
T
= V  
ref  
V
T
= V  
ref  
KA  
A
KA  
= 25°C  
= 25°C  
A
I
min  
50  
25  
0
200  
0
–25  
–50  
–75  
–100  
–200  
–2  
–1  
0
1
2
3
–1  
0
1
2
3
V
KA  
– Cathode Voltage – V  
V
KA  
– Cathode Voltage – V  
Figure 7  
Figure 8  
†
Data at high and low temperatures are applicable only within the recommended operating free-air temperature ranges of the various devices.  
9
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
†
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS  
RATIO OF DELTA REFERENCE VOLTAGE TO  
DELTA CATHODE VOLTAGE  
vs  
OFF-STATE CATHODE CURRENT  
vs  
FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE  
FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE  
– 0.85  
– 0.95  
–1.05  
–1.15  
–1.25  
–1.35  
–1.45  
2.5  
V
= 36 V  
= 0  
KA  
V
= 3 V to 36 V  
KA  
V
ref  
2
1.5  
1
0.5  
0
–75 –50 –25  
0
25  
50  
75 100 125  
–75 –50 –25  
0
25  
50  
75 100 125  
T
A
– Free-Air Temperature – °C  
T
A
– Free-Air Temperature – °C  
Figure 9  
Figure 10  
EQUIVALENT INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE  
vs  
FREQUENCY  
260  
240  
220  
200  
I
T
= 10 mA  
= 25°C  
O
A
180  
160  
140  
120  
100  
10  
100  
1 k  
10 k  
100 k  
f – Frequency – Hz  
Figure 11  
†
Data at high and low temperatures are applicable only within the recommended operating free-air temperature ranges of the various devices.  
10  
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS  
EQUIVALENT INPUT NOISE VOLTAGE  
OVER A 10-SECOND PERIOD  
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
–1  
–2  
–3  
f = 0.1 to 10 Hz  
–4  
–5  
–6  
I
T
= 10 mA  
= 25°C  
KA  
A
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10  
t – Time – s  
19.1 V  
1 kΩ  
910 Ω  
500 µF  
2000 µF  
V
CC  
V
CC  
To Oscilloscope  
1 µF  
TL431  
(DUT)  
TLE2027  
A
= 10 V/mV  
V
+
–
22 µF  
TLE2027  
+
820 Ω  
16 Ω  
16 kΩ  
16 kΩ  
1 µF  
–
160 kΩ  
33 kΩ  
33 kΩ  
A
V
= 2 V/V  
0.1 µF  
V
EE  
V
EE  
Figure 12. Test Circuit for Equivalent Input Noise Voltage  
11  
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS  
SMALL-SIGNAL VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION  
vs  
FREQUENCY  
60  
50  
40  
30  
20  
I
T
= 10 mA  
= 25°C  
KA  
A
Output  
232 Ω  
I
KA  
15 kΩ  
9 µF  
+
–
8.25 kΩ  
GND  
10  
0
TEST CIRCUIT FOR VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION  
1 k  
10 k  
100 k  
1 M  
10 M  
f – Frequency – Hz  
Figure 13  
REFERENCE IMPEDANCE  
vs  
FREQUENCY  
100  
I
T
= 10 mA  
KA  
= 25°C  
A
1 kΩ  
Output  
10  
I
KA  
50 Ω  
–
+
GND  
1
TEST CIRCUIT FOR REFERENCE IMPEDANCE  
0.1  
1 k  
10 k  
100 k  
1 M  
10 M  
f – Frequency – Hz  
Figure 14  
12  
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS  
PULSE RESPONSE  
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
T
A
= 25°C  
Input  
220 Ω  
Output  
Pulse  
Generator  
f = 100 kHz  
50 Ω  
Output  
GND  
TEST CIRCUIT FOR PULSE RESPONSE  
–1  
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
t – Time – µs  
Figure 15  
†
STABILITY BOUNDARY CONDITIONS  
150 Ω  
100  
A V  
= V  
ref  
KA  
KA  
KA  
KA  
T
A
= 25°C  
B V  
C V  
D V  
= 5 V  
I
90  
80  
70  
KA  
= 10 V  
= 15 V  
+
f
V
BATT  
C
L
B
–
Stable  
60  
50  
C
Stable  
A
TEST CIRCUIT FOR CURVE A  
40  
30  
20  
D
I
KA  
R1 = 10 kΩ  
150 Ω  
10  
0
C
L
+
–
0.001  
0.01  
0.1  
1
10  
R2  
V
BATT  
C
– Load Capacitance – µF  
L
†
The areas under the curves represent conditions that may cause the  
device to oscillate. For curves B, C, and D, R2 and V+ were adjusted  
toestablishtheinitialV andI conditionswithC =0.V  
and  
KA KA BATT  
L
TEST CIRCUIT FOR CURVES B, C, AND D  
C
were then adjusted to determine the ranges of stability.  
L
Figure 16  
13  
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
APPLICATION INFORMATION  
R
(see Note A)  
V
V
O
I(BATT)  
R1  
0.1%  
R1  
R2  
V
ref  
TL431  
VO  
1
Vref  
R2  
0.1%  
RETURN  
NOTE A: R should provide cathode current ≥1 mA to the TL431 at minimum V  
.
I(BATT)  
Figure 17. Shunt Regulator  
V
I(BATT)  
V
O
TL431  
V
V
≈ 2 V  
on  
Input  
≈ V  
off  
I(BATT)  
V
IT  
≈ 2.5 V  
GND  
Figure 18. Single-Supply Comparator With Temperature-Compensated Threshold  
V
I(BATT)  
R
2N222  
(see Note A)  
2N222  
30 Ω  
R1  
R2  
VO  
1
Vref  
4.7 kΩ  
0.01 µF  
TL431  
V
O
R1  
0.1%  
R2  
0.1%  
NOTE A: R should provide cathode current ≥1 mA to the TL431 at minimum V  
.
I(BATT)  
Figure 19. Precision High-Current Series Regulator  
14  
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
APPLICATION INFORMATION  
V
I(BATT)  
IN  
OUT  
V
O
uA7805  
Common  
TL431  
R1  
R2  
R1  
VO  
1
Vref  
Vref 5 V  
Minimum VO  
R2  
Figure 20. Output Control of a Three-Terminal Fixed Regulator  
V
V
O
I(BATT)  
R1  
R1  
R2  
VO  
1
Vref  
TL431  
R2  
Figure 21. High-Current Shunt Regulator  
V
I(BATT)  
V
O
R1  
TL431  
C
(see Note A)  
R2  
NOTE A: Refer to the stability boundary conditions in Figure 16 to determine allowable values for C.  
Figure 22. Crowbar Circuit  
15  
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
APPLICATION INFORMATION  
IN  
OUT  
V
LM317  
V
O
≈ 5 V, 1.5 A  
I(BATT)  
Adjust  
8.2 kΩ  
243 Ω  
0.1%  
TL431  
243 Ω  
0.1%  
Figure 23. Precision 5-V 1.5-A Regulator  
V
V
O
≈ 5 V  
I(BATT)  
R
b
(see Note A)  
27.4 kΩ  
0.1%  
TL431  
27.4 kΩ  
0.1%  
NOTE A: R should provide cathode current ≥1-mA to the TL431.  
b
Figure 24. Efficient 5-V Precision Regulator  
12 V  
V
CC  
6.8 kΩ  
10 kΩ  
5 V  
–
10 kΩ  
0.1%  
+
TL598  
X
Not  
TL431  
Used  
10 kΩ  
0.1%  
Feedback  
Figure 25. PWM Converter With Reference  
16  
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
APPLICATION INFORMATION  
R3  
(see Note A)  
V
I(BATT)  
R4  
(see Note A)  
R1B  
R1A  
R1B  
R2B  
Low Limit  
High Limit  
1
Vref  
Vref  
TL431  
R1A  
R2A  
1
LED on When Low Limit < V  
I(BATT)  
< High Limit  
R2A  
R2B  
NOTE A: R3 and R4 are selected to provide the desired LED intensity and cathode current ≥1 mA to the TL431 at the available V  
.
I(BATT)  
Figure 26. Voltage Monitor  
650 Ω  
12 V  
R
2 kΩ  
TL431  
12 V  
12 V Vref  
Delay  
R
C
In  
C
On  
Off  
Figure 27. Delay Timer  
R
CL  
0.1%  
I
O
Vref  
V
I(BATT)  
Iout  
IKA  
RCL  
VI(BATT  
R1  
)
R1  
TL431  
I
O
IKA  
h
FE  
Figure 28. Precision Current Limiter  
17  
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
TL431, TL431A  
ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATORS  
SLVS005J – JULY 1978 – REVISED JULY 1999  
APPLICATION INFORMATION  
V
I(BATT)  
I
O
Vref  
RS  
IO  
TL431  
R
0.1%  
S
Figure 29. Precision Constant-Current Sink  
18  
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265  
IMPORTANT NOTICE  
Texas Instruments and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make changes to their products or to discontinue  
any product or service without notice, and advise customers to obtain the latest version of relevant information  
to verify, before placing orders, that information being relied on is current and complete. All products are sold  
subject to the terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgement, including those  
pertaining to warranty, patent infringement, and limitation of liability.  
TI warrants performance of its semiconductor products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in  
accordance with TI’s standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are utilized to the extent  
TI deems necessary to support this warranty. Specific testing of all parameters of each device is not necessarily  
performed, except those mandated by government requirements.  
CERTAIN APPLICATIONS USING SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS MAY INVOLVE POTENTIAL RISKS OF  
DEATH, PERSONAL INJURY, OR SEVERE PROPERTY OR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE (“CRITICAL  
APPLICATIONS”). TI SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS ARE NOT DESIGNED, AUTHORIZED, OR  
WARRANTED TO BE SUITABLE FOR USE IN LIFE-SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS OR OTHER  
CRITICAL APPLICATIONS. INCLUSION OF TI PRODUCTS IN SUCH APPLICATIONS IS UNDERSTOOD TO  
BE FULLY AT THE CUSTOMER’S RISK.  
In order to minimize risks associated with the customer’s applications, adequate design and operating  
safeguards must be provided by the customer to minimize inherent or procedural hazards.  
TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. TI does not warrant or represent  
that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any patent right, copyright, mask work right, or other  
intellectual property right of TI covering or relating to any combination, machine, or process in which such  
semiconductor products or services might be or are used. TI’s publication of information regarding any third  
party’s products or services does not constitute TI’s approval, warranty or endorsement thereof.  
Copyright 1999, Texas Instruments Incorporated  
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